Cheats chicago 19303/7/2023 ![]() In this chapter, we will explore three specific forms of fabrication: forgery Many fraudsters start their criminal careers with small transgressions that gradually increase in scale, especially when no one stops them in their tracks. While the take-home message of this chapter is that we must arm ourselves against these forms of fraud, we should also realize that the dividing line between proper and fraudulent behavior can be thin. ( 2011) notes, fraud ‘starts with a single step,’ an observation relevant to the infamous case of Diederick Stapel, which we will discuss in our case study. This triggers one’s imagination, spawning a number of questions: How many more cases actually exist that just haven’t been discovered yet? How likely is it that fabrication eventually comes to be discovered (unlike with plagiarism, there is no ‘fabrication detection software’ available)? How vulnerable are the social sciences to this type of fraud? Or is it more inherent to certain research environments? As Jennifer Crocker The incidence of fraud may be higher than we know. Self-reporting tends to underestimate the real frequency of scientific misconduct. ![]() The discrepancy between these findings, in which people perceive themselves to be more honest than their peers, is known as the ‘better than average effect’ (see Festinger 1954). Additionally, 14% of respondents observed this misconduct in colleagues. ( 2009) found that 2% of scientists admit to serious forms of misconduct, such as fabrication or modifying data, at least once. In a systematic review of the literature on the prevalence of scientific misconduct, Daniele Fanelli It is about turning science upside down, it starts, rather than ends, with the answer to a question.įabrication probably occurs less frequently than plagiarism, but it is a much more serious form of misconduct. Unlike ‘falsifying’ (the subject of the next chapter), which is the deliberate misrepresentation of data, fabrication involves the presentation and reporting of fake or non-existent research procedures, data, and findings. If plagiarism is the crime of the novice, then fabrication is the expert’s specialty.
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